Point absorbers in Advanced LIGO

Authors

A. F. Brooks, California Institute of Technology
G. Vajente, California Institute of Technology
H. Yamamoto, California Institute of Technology
R. Abbott, California Institute of Technology
C. Adams, LIGO Livingston
R. X. Adhikari, California Institute of Technology
A. Ananyeva, California Institute of Technology
S. Appert, California Institute of Technology
K. Arai, California Institute of Technology
J. S. Areeda, California State University, Fullerton
Y. Asali, Columbia University
S. M. Aston, LIGO Livingston
C. Austin, Louisiana State University
A. M. Baer, Christopher Newport University
M. Ball, University of Oregon
S. W. Ballmer, Syracuse University
Sharan Banagiri, University of Minnesota Twin Cities
D. Barker, LIGO Hanford
L. Barsotti, LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
J. Bartlett, LIGO Hanford
B. K. Berger, Stanford University
J. Betzwieser, LIGO Livingston
D. Bhattacharjee, Missouri University of Science and Technology
G. Billingsley, California Institute of Technology
S. Biscans, California Institute of Technology
C. D. Blair, LIGO Livingston
R. M. Blair, LIGO Hanford
N. Bode, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)
P. Booker, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)
R. Bork, California Institute of Technology
A. Bramley, LIGO Livingston
D. D. Brown, The University of Adelaide
A. Buikema, LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
C. Cahillane, California Institute of Technology
K. C. Cannon, University of Tokyo
H. Cao, University of Adelaide
X. Chen, University of Western Australia
A. A. Ciobanu, University of Adelaide
F. Clara, LIGO Hanford Observatory
C. M. Compton, LIGO Hanford Observatory
S. J. Cooper, University of Birmingham
K. R. Corley, Columbia University
S. T. Countryman, Columbia University
P. B. Covas, Universitat de Les Illes Balears
D. C. Coyne, California Institute of Technology
L. E. H. Datrier, University of Glasgow
D. Davis, Syracuse University
C. Di Fronzo, University of Birmingham
K. L. Dooley, Cardiff University
J. C. Driggers, LIGO Hanford Observatory
P. Dupej, University of Glasgow
S. E. Dwyer, LIGO Livingston Observatory
A. Effler, LIGO Livingston Observatory
T. Etzel, California Institute of Technology
M. Evans, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
T. M. Evans, LIGO Livingston Observatory
J. Feicht, California Institute of Technology
A. Fernandez-Galiana, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
P. Fritschel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
V. V. Frolov, LIGO Livingston Observatory
P. Fulda, University of Florida
M. Fyffe, LIGO Livingston Observatory
J. A. Giaime, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge
K. D. Giardina, LIGO Livingston Observatory
P. Godwin, The Pennsylvania State University
E. Goetz, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge
S. Gras, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
C. Gray, LIGO Hanford Observatory
R. Gray, University of Glasgow
A. C. Green, University of Florida
A. Gupta, California Institute of Technology
E. K. Gustafson, California Institute of Technology
R. Gustafson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
E. Hall, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
J. Hanks, LIGO Hanford Observatory
J. Hanson, LIGO Livingston Observatory
T. Hardwick, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge
R. K. Hasskew, LIGO Livingston Observatory
M. C. Heintze, LIGO Livingston Observatory
A. F. Helmling-Cornell, University of Oregon
N. A. Holland, Australian National University
W. Jia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
J. D. Jones, LIGO Hanford Observatory
S. Kandhasamy, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics
S. Karki, University of Oregon
M. Kasprzack, California Institute of Technology
K. Kawabe, LIGO Hanford Observatory
N. Kijbunchoo, Australian National University
P. J. King, LIGO Hanford Observatory
J. S. Kissel, LIGO Hanford Observatory
R. Kumar, LIGO Hanford Observatory
M. Landry, LIGO Hanford Observatory
B. B. Lane, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
B. Lantz, Stanford University
M. Laxen, LIGO Livingston Observatory
Y. K. Lecoeuche, LIGO Hanford Observatory
J. Leviton, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
J. Liu, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics
M. Lormand, LIGO Livingston Observatory
A. P. Lundgren, University of Portsmouth
R. Macas, Cardiff University
M. MacInnis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
D. M. Macleod, Cardiff University
G. L. Mansell, LIGO Hanford Observatory
S. Marka, Columbia University
Z. Marka, Columbia University
D. V. Martynov, University of Birmingham
K. Mason, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
T. J. Massinger, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
F. Matichard, California Institute of Technology
N. Mavalvala, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
R. McCarthy, LIGO Hanford Observatory
D. E. McClelland, Australian National University
S. McCormick, LIGO Livingston Observatory
L. McCuller, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
J. McIver, California Institute of Technology
T. McRae, Australian National University
G. Mendell, LIGO Hanford Observatory
K. Merfeld, University of Oregon
E. L. Merilh, LIGO Hanford Observatory
F. Meylahn, Max Plank Institute for Gravitational Physics
T. Mistry, University of Sheffield
R. Mittleman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
G. Moreno, LIGO Hanford Observatory
C. M. Mow-Lowry, University of Birmingham
S. Mozzon, University of Portsmouth
A. Mullavey, LIGO Livingston Observatory
T. J. N. Nelson, LIGO Livingston Observatory
P. Nguyen, University of Oregon
L. K. Nuttall, University of Portsmouth
J. Oberling, LIGO Hanford Observatory
R. J. Oram, LIGO Livingston Observatory
C. Osthelder, California Institute of Technology
D. J. Ottaway, University of Adelaide
H. Overmier, LIGO Livingston Observatory
J. R. Palamos, University of Oregon
W. Parker, LIGO Livingston Observatory
E. Payne, Monash University
A. Pele, LIGO Livingston Observatory
C. J. Perez, LIGO Hanford Observatory
M. Pirello, LIGO Hanford Observatory
H. Radkins, LIGO Hanford Observatory
K. E. Ramirez, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
J. W. Richardson, California Institute of Technology
K. Riles, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
N. A. Robertson, California Institute of Technology
J. G. Rollins, California Institute of Technology
C. L. Romel, LIGO Hanford Observatory
J. H. Romie, LIGO Livingston Observatory
M. P. Ross, University of Washington - Seattle Campus
K. Ryan, LIGO Hanford Observatory
T. Sadecki, LIGO Hanford Observatory
E. J. Sanchez, California Institute of Technology
L. E. Sanchez, California Institute of Technology
T. R. Saravanan, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics
R. L. Savage, LIGO Hanford Observatory
D. Schaetzl, California Institute of Technology
R. Schnabel, Universitat Hamburg
R. M. S. Schofield, University of Oregon
E. Schwartz, LIGO Livingston Observatory
D. Sellers, LIGO Livingston Observatory
T. Shaffer, LIGO Hanford Observatory
D. Sigg, LIGO Hanford Observatory
B. J. J. Slagmolen, Australian National University
J. R. Smith, California State University, Fullerton
S. Soni, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge
B. Sorazu, University of Glasgow
A. P. Spencer, University of Glasgow
K. A. Strain, University of Glasgow
L. Sun, California Institute of Technology
M. J. Szczepanczyk, University of Florida
M. Thomas, LIGO Livingston Observatory
P. Thomas, LIGO Hanford Observatory
K. A. Thorne, LIGO Livingston Observatory
K. Toland, University of Glasgow
C. I. Torrie, California Institute of Technology
G. Traylor, LIGO Livingston Observatory
M. Tse, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
A. L. Urban, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge
G. Valdes, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge
D. C. Vander-Hyde, Syracuse University
P. J. Veitch, University of Adelaide
K. Venkateswara, University of Washington - Seattle Campus
G. Venugopalan, California Institute of Technology
A. D. Viets, Concordia University Wisconsin
T. Vo, Syracuse University
C. Vorvick, LIGO Hanford Observatory
M. Wade, Kenyon College
R. L. Ward, Australian National University
J. Warner, LIGO Hanford Observatory
B. Weaver, LIGO Hanford Observatory
R. Weiss, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
C. Whittle, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
B. Willke, Leibniz University Hannover
C. C. Wipf, California Institute of Technology
L. Xiao, California Institute of Technology
H. Yu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
H. Yu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
L. Zhang, California Institute of Technology
M. E. Zucker, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
J. Zweizig, California Institute of Technology

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

5-1-2021

Abstract

Small, highly absorbing points are randomly present on the surfaces of the main interferometer optics in Advanced LIGO. The resulting nanometer scale thermo-elastic deformations and substrate lenses from these micron-scale absorbers significantly reduce the sensitivity of the interferometer directly though a reduction in the power-recycling gain and indirect interactions with the feedback control system. We review the expected surface deformation from point absorbers and provide a pedagogical description of the impact on power buildup in second generation gravitational wave detectors (dual-recycled Fabry–Perot Michelson interferometers). This analysis predicts that the power-dependent reduction in interferometer performance will significantly degrade maximum stored power by up to 50% and, hence, limit GW sensitivity, but it suggests system wide corrections that can be implemented in current and future GW detectors. This is particularly pressing given that future GW detectors call for an order of magnitude more stored power than currently used in Advanced LIGO in Observing Run 3. We briefly review strategies to mitigate the effects of point absorbers in current and future GW wave detectors to maximize the success of these enterprises.

Publication Source (Journal or Book title)

Applied Optics

First Page

4047

Last Page

4063

Recommended Citation

Brooks, A. F., Vajente, G., Yamamoto, H., Abbott, R., Adams, C., Adhikari, R. X., Ananyeva, A., Appert, S., Arai, K., Areeda, J. S., Asali, Y., Aston, S. M., Austin, C., Baer, A. M., Ball, M., Ballmer, S. W., Banagiri, S., Barker, D., Barsotti, L., Bartlett, J., Berger, B. K., Betzwieser, J., Bhattacharjee, D., Billingsley, G., Biscans, S., Blair, C. D., Blair, R. M., Bode, N., Booker, P., Bork, R., Bramley, A., Brown, D. D., Buikema, A., Cahillane, C., Cannon, K. C., Cao, H., Chen, X., Ciobanu, A. A., Clara, F., Compton, C. M., Cooper, S. J., Corley, K. R., Countryman, S. T., Covas, P. B., Coyne, D. C., Datrier, L. E., Davis, D., Di Fronzo, C., Dooley, K. L., Driggers, J. C., Dupej, P., Dwyer, S. E., Effler, A., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Feicht, J., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Godwin, P., Goetz, E., Gras, S., Gray, C., Gray, R., Green, A. C., Gupta, A., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Hall, E., Hanks, J., Hanson, J., Hardwick, T., Hasskew, R. K., Heintze, M. C., Helmling-Cornell, A. F., Holland, N. A., Jia, W., Jones, J. D., Kandhasamy, S., Karki, S., Kasprzack, M., Kawabe, K., Kijbunchoo, N., King, P. J., Kissel, J. S., Kumar, R., Landry, M., Lane, B. B., Lantz, B., Laxen, M., Lecoeuche, Y. K., Leviton, J., Liu, J., Lormand, M., Lundgren, A. P., Macas, R., MacInnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Mansell, G. L., Marka, S., Marka, Z., Martynov, D. V., Mason, K., Massinger, T. J., Matichard, F., Mavalvala, N., McCarthy, R., McClelland, D. E., McCormick, S., McCuller, L., McIver, J., McRae, T., Mendell, G., Merfeld, K., Merilh, E. L., Meylahn, F., Mistry, T., Mittleman, R., Moreno, G., Mow-Lowry, C. M., Mozzon, S., Mullavey, A., Nelson, T. J., Nguyen, P., Nuttall, L. K., Oberling, J., Oram, R. J., Osthelder, C., Ottaway, D. J., Overmier, H., Palamos, J. R., Parker, W., Payne, E., Pele, A., Perez, C. J., Pirello, M., Radkins, H., Ramirez, K. E., Richardson, J. W., Riles, K., Robertson, N. A., Rollins, J. G., Romel, C. L., Romie, J. H., Ross, M. P., Ryan, K., Sadecki, T., Sanchez, E. J., Sanchez, L. E., Saravanan, T. R., Savage, R. L., Schaetzl, D., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. M., Schwartz, E., Sellers, D., Shaffer, T., Sigg, D., Slagmolen, B. J., Smith, J. R., Soni, S., Sorazu, B., Spencer, A. P., Strain, K. A., Sun, L., Szczepanczyk, M. J., Thomas, M., Thomas, P., Thorne, K. A., Toland, K., Torrie, C. I., Traylor, G., Tse, M., Urban, A. L., Valdes, G., Vander-Hyde, D. C., Veitch, P. J., Venkateswara, K., Venugopalan, G., Viets, A. D., Vo, T., Vorvick, C., Wade, M., Ward, R. L., Warner, J., Weaver, B., Weiss, R., Whittle, C., Willke, B., Wipf, C. C., Xiao, L., Yu, H., Yu, H., Zhang, L., Zucker, M. E., & Zweizig, J. (2021). Point absorbers in Advanced LIGO. Applied Optics, 60 (13), 4047-4063. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.419689