Participation of battery energy storage system in load frequency control under false data injection attacks

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

9-1-2026

Abstract

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are tasked with providing multiple services to the power grid, such as operating reserves and ancillary services, energy arbitrage, peak shaving, and black-start capability. In this paper, it is shown that BESSs can provide additional services to the load frequency control (LFC) under false data injection (FDI) attacks. It is illustrated that by detecting and mitigating FDI attacks on the BESS side, rather than the synchronous generator (SG) side, the impact of attacks on the grid frequency is minimized, and thus, frequency stability is preserved. FDI attack detection is achieved by designing and employing an unknown input observer (UIO). The UIO decouples the unknown inputs from the system states as well as load variations from the FDI attack. Steps to the UIO design are discussed in detail and the stability of the estimation error dynamic is proven. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) studies are carried out to verify the efficacy of the UIO in detecting the attacks in real-time and to illustrate the effectiveness of BESS-side attack mitigation strategy on maintaining the system frequency.

Publication Source (Journal or Book title)

Electric Power Systems Research

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