Title

Environmentally persistent free radicals in PM: a review

Authors

Mengxia Xu, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Tao Wu, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Yu-Ting Tang, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Tong Chen, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
Lavrent Khachatryan, Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
Poornima Ramesh Iyer, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Dengting Guo, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Anran Chen, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Miao Lyu, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Jinhu Li, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Jiaqi Liu, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Dan Li, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Yuxin Zuo, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Shihan Zhang, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Yiran Wang, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Yining Meng, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
Fei Qi, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

11-1-2019

Abstract

Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a new class of pollutants that are long-lived in fine particles (PM), i.e., their 1/e lifetime ranges from days to months (or even infinite). They are capable of producing harmful reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals. The redox cycling of EPFRs is considered as an important pathway for PM to induce oxidative stress inside the humans, causing adverse health effects such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, research regarding their toxicity, formation and environmental occurrences in PM has attracted increasing attentions globally during the past two decades. However, literature data in this field remain quite limited and discrete. Hence, an extensive review is urgently needed to summarize the current understanding of this topic. In this work, we systematically reviewed the analytical methods and environmental occurrences, e.g., types, concentrations, and decay behaviors, as well as possible sources of EPFRs in PM. The types of pretreatment methods, -values of common EPFRs and categories of decay processes were discussed in detail. Moreover, great efforts were made to revisit the original data of the published works of EPFRs in airborne particulate matter and provided additional useful information for comparison where possible, e.g., their mean and standard deviation of -values, line widths (Δ ), and concentrations. Finally, possible research opportunities were highlighted to further advance our knowledge of this emerging issue.

Publication Source (Journal or Book title)

Waste disposal & sustainable energy

First Page

177

Last Page

197

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