Cultivating positive teacher–student relationships: Preliminary evaluation of the establish–maintain–restore (EMR) method
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
9-1-2018
Abstract
Strong teacher–student relationships have long been considered a foundational aspect of a positive school experience. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of the establish–maintain–restore (EMR) method for improving teacher–student relationships and students’ classroom behavior while providing elementary teachers with structured professional development and follow-up support. A matched randomized design with a sample of fourth- and fifth-grade teachers and students was used to investigate whether the EMR method produced significant improvements in teacher–student relationships and student outcomes using hierarchical linear modeling to account for nesting at the classroom level. Results indicated that the EMR method was associated with significant improvements in teacher-reported teacher–student relationships as well as improvements in observed indices of students’ classroom behavior (academic engaged time and disruptive behavior). Findings also revealed that teacher-reported changes in teacher–student relationships were significantly associated with moderate changes in student classroom behavior. The implications of this study for school-based universal prevention and directions for future research are discussed.
Publication Source (Journal or Book title)
School Psychology Review
First Page
226
Last Page
243
Recommended Citation
Cook, C., Coco, S., Zhang, Y., Fiat, A., Duong, M., Renshaw, T., Long, A., & Frank, S. (2018). Cultivating positive teacher–student relationships: Preliminary evaluation of the establish–maintain–restore (EMR) method. School Psychology Review, 47 (3), 226-243. https://doi.org/10.17105/SPR-2017-0025.V47-3